It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking'and
'wanting'components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance …

This review takes a historical perspective on concepts in the psychology of motivation and
emotion, and surveys recent developments, debates and applications. Old debates over …

Addiction treatment has not been appreciably improved by neuroscientific research. One
problem is that mechanistic studies using rodent models do not incorporate volitional social …

Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the
greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In
abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self …

Alcohol intake remains controlled in a majority of users but becomes “compulsive,” ie,
continues despite adverse consequences, in a minority who develop alcohol addiction …

The rodent dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), specifically the prelimbic cortex (PL),
regulates the expression of conditioned fear and behaviors interpreted as reward seeking …

Despite decades of research on neurobiological mechanisms of psychostimulant addiction,
the only effective treatment for many addicts is contingency management, a behavioral …

The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) mediates positively-valenced reward motivation as
well as negatively-valenced fear. Optogenetic or neurochemical stimulation of CeA circuitry …

Background The microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of
neuropsychiatric disorders, and the compositions of gut microbiota are altered by addictive …