Background Cue-induced methamphetamine craving increases after prolonged forced
(experimenter-imposed) abstinence from the drug (incubation of methamphetamine …

Addiction is often characterized by intense motivation for a drug, which may be narrowly
focused at the expense of other rewards. Here, we examined the role of amygdala-related …

We recently reported that social choice-induced voluntary abstinence prevents incubation of
methamphetamine craving in rats. This inhibitory effect was associated with activation of …

The central noradrenergic system innervates almost all regions of the brain and, as such, is
well positioned to modulate many neural circuits implicated in behaviors and physiology …

Background Comorbidity of anxiety disorders, stressor-and trauma-related disorders, and
substance use disorders is extremely common. Moreover, therapies that reduce pathological …

Background The incubation of cue-induced drug craving in rodents provides a model of
persistent vulnerability to craving and relapse in human addicts. After prolonged withdrawal …

The craving response to smoking-associated cues in humans or to intravenous nicotine-
associated cues in adult rats progressively increases or incubates after withdrawal. Here, we …

Cue‐induced drug craving progressively increases after prolonged withdrawal from drug
self‐administration in laboratory animals, a behavioral phenomenon termed 'incubation of …

Context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is a well established animal model for
assessing the neural mechanisms underlying context-induced drug relapse, a major factor …

Background The microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of
neuropsychiatric disorders, and the compositions of gut microbiota are altered by addictive …