Mucus is a complex hydrogel that acts as a natural barrier to drug delivery at different
mucosal surfaces including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and vaginal tracts. To elucidate …

Oral administration is a widespread and convenient drug delivery approach. However, oral
delivery can be affected by the complex digestive tract environment, including irregular …

Mutual interference between surface ligands on multifunctional nanoparticles remains a
significant obstacle to achieving optimal drug-delivery efficacy. Here, we develop ligand …

Oral delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides a promising paradigm for treating
diseases that require regular injections. However, the multiple gastrointestinal (GI) and …

Peptide drugs play an important role in diabetes mellitus treatment. Oral administration of
peptide drugs is a promising strategy for diabetes mellitus because of its convenience and …

The selective infiltration of cell membranes and tissue barriers often blocks the entry of most
active molecules. This natural defense mechanism prevents the invasion of exogenous …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are very attractive as carriers of active components due to their
good immunological and their ability to penetrate the physiological barrier that synthetic …

Oral delivery of protein drugs based on nanoparticulate delivery system requires permeation
of the nanoparticles through the mucus layer and subsequent absorption via epithelial cells …

Glucose-responsive system is one of important options for self-regulated insulin delivery to
treat diabetes, which has become an issue of great public health concern in the world. In this …

Nanoparticles (NPs) for oral delivery of peptide/protein drugs are largely limited due to the
coexistence of intestinal mucus and epithelial barriers. Sequentially overcoming these two …