The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

Receptors that recognize conserved pathogen molecules are the first line of cellular innate
immunity defense. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best understood of the innate immune …

Fin fish farming is developing from extensive to intensive high industrial scale production.
Production of fish in high-density growth conditions requires effective vaccines in order to …

The innate immune system constitutes an efficient defense against invading microbial
pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) eventually alert vertebrates about the presence of …

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary administration of
Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M and short chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are present in many different fish families from several different
orders, including cyprinid, salmonid, perciform, pleuronectiform and gadiform …

A cluster of 11 interferon (IFN) genes were identified in the Atlantic salmon genome linked to
the growth hormone 1 gene. The genes encode three different IFN subtypes; IFNa (two …

Abstract Type I IFNs (IFN-I) are cytokines, which play a crucial role in innate and adaptive
immunity against viruses of vertebrates. In essence, IFN-I are induced and secreted upon …

The present study was conducted to find the effects of dietary lactic acid (LA)
supplementation on growth performance, hematological characteristics, humoral antioxidant …

Zebrafish possess a highly developed immune system that is remarkably similar to the
human one. Therefore, it is expected that the majority of the signalling pathways and …