The kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy in the form of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Because energy requirements are substantially …

L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid required for protein synthesis. It undergoes an
extensive and complex metabolism along several pathways, resulting in many bioactive …

Kynurenine pathway (KP) is the primary path of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in most
mammalian cells. The KP generates several bioactive catabolites, such as kynurenine (Kyn) …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2, 3-
dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The …

Chronic stress or inflammation increases tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine
pathway (KP), and the generation of neuroactive kynurenine metabolites contributes to …

Impaired kidney function and increased inflammatory process occurring in the course of
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) contribute to the development of complex amino-acid …

Accumulating evidence suggests the key role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of the
tryptophan metabolism in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Despite extensive research …

Neuropathic pain is one of the most important clinical consequences of injury to the
somatosensory system. Nevertheless, the critical pathophysiological mechanisms involved …

Recent studies suggest that CCR5 and its ligands are important regulators for the
development of neuropathic pain and that their modulation can have some beneficial …

Chronic pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that persists or recurs
more than three months and may extend beyond the expected time of healing. Recently …