Background In addition to their crucial role in reproduction, estrogens are key regulators of
energy and glucose homeostasis and they also exert several cardiovascular protective …

Estrogens are known to activate the phosphatidyl-inosityl 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway,
which is central in the cardioprotection afforded by ischemic postconditioning. Therefore, our …

Evidence shows that women have lower tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels and lower
incidences of heart dysfunction and sepsis‐related morbidity and mortality. To identify the …

Cardiac tissue that undergoes an ischemic episode exhibits irreversible alterations that
become more extensive upon reperfusion. Estrogen treatment has been reported to protect …

The purpose of this study was to test whether the insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and the
susceptibility of the heart to ischemia/reperfusion injury are modulated by the chronic …

According to epidemiological studies, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more women
than men, but the incidence of end‐stage renal disease is higher in men than in women …

Objective—To assess the coronary endothelial protective effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) and
the role of estrogen receptor (ER) α in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods and Results—E2 …

Why do women live longer than men? Does ownership of paired X chromosomes confer
more prolonged survival on females, or is the gender difference in life-expectancy a …

Estrogens, and in particular 17β-estradiol (E2), play a pivotal role in sexual development
and reproduction and are also implicated in a large number of physiological processes …

Cardiovascular disease, in particular coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated
myocardial infarction (MI), is the leading cause of death among adults in the Western world …