Fig. 1| Aquaporin 4 has direct and indirect roles in controlling fluid flow in the brain. Astrocyte
endfeet wrap around blood vessels at the blood–brain barrier, separated by a cerebrospinal …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia, whilst
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder. These two …

Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and a life‐long incurable
condition. An empirical “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting …

The cerebral vascular system stringently regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF). The
components of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) protect the brain from pathogenic infections …

Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms
critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults …

Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane water channel proteins, which were
initially characterized as a novel protein family that plays a vital role in transcellular and …

The functions of the glymphatic system include clearance of the metabolic waste and
modulation of the water transport in the brain, and it forms a brain-wide fluid network along …

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through the central nervous system (CNS) via the
glymphatic pathway to clear the interstitium of metabolic waste. In preclinical studies …

Highlights•Chill coma results from abrupt spreading depolarization (SD) of neural tissue.•SD
onset and recovery are determined by ion-regulatory mechanisms in the CNS.•Phenotypic …

Background Disturbances in the brain fluid balance can lead to life-threatening elevation in
the intracranial pressure (ICP), which represents a vast clinical challenge. Nevertheless, the …