Tendon–bone insertion (TBI) injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament injury and rotator
cuff injury, are the most common soft tissue injuries. In most situations, surgical …

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and
intricate interactions between different cell types within the affected regions. Reliable …

In clinical practice, repairing osteochondral defects presents a challenge due to the varying
biological properties of articular cartilages and subchondral bones. Thus, elucidating how …

The microneedle (MN) provides a promising strategy for transdermal delivery of exosomes
(EXO), in which the therapeutic effects and clinical applications are greatly reduced by the …

Background: Poor tendon-to-bone healing in chronic rotator cuff tears (RCTs) is related to
unsatisfactory outcomes. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells reportedly …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative disease that afflicts more than 250 million
people worldwide, impairing their mobility and quality of life. However, conventional drug …

Direct implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cartilage and bone tissue
engineering faces challenges, such as immune rejection and loss of cellular viability or …

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that can affect muscles, bones, and joints.
These disorders are very painful and severely limit patients' mobility and are more common …

Approved therapies for tendon diseases have not yet changed the clinical practice of
symptomatic pain treatment and physiotherapy. This review article summarizes advances in …

Tendons are dense connective tissues with a hierarchical polarized structure that respond to
and adapt to the transmission of muscle contraction forces to the skeleton, enabling motion …