Timely delivery of information is essential for proper functioning of the nervous system.
Precise regulation of nerve conduction velocity is needed for correct exertion of motor skills …

Ribbon‐class synapses in the ear achieve analog to digital transformation of a continuously
graded membrane potential to all‐or‐none spikes. In mammals, several auditory nerve …

“Neural coding” is a popular metaphor in neuroscience, where objective properties of the
world are communicated to the brain in the form of spikes. Here I argue that this metaphor is …

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized complexes of extracellular matrix molecules that
surround the somata of fast-spiking neurons throughout the vertebrate brain. PNNs are …

Directional hearing may enable fishes to seek out prey, avoid predators, find mates, and
detect important spatial cues. Early sound localization experiments gave negative results …

How the brain preserves information about multiple simultaneous items is poorly
understood. We report that single neurons can represent multiple stimuli by interleaving …

Sound localization critically depends on detection of differences in arrival time of sounds at
the two ears (acoustic delay). The fundamental mechanisms are debated, but all proposals …

Neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) enable sound localization by their remarkable
sensitivity to submillisecond interaural time differences (ITDs). Each MSO neuron has its …

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a sound-evoked noninvasively measured
electrical potential representing the sum of neuronal activity in the auditory brainstem and …

Time is of the essence in how neural codes, synchronies, and oscillations might function in
encoding, representation, transmission, integration, storage, and retrieval of information in …