Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end‐stage renal disease worldwide.
Chronic hyperglycemia and high blood pressure are the main risk factors for the …

Free radicals are reactive oxygen species that constantly circulate through the body and
occur as a side effect of many reactions that take place in the human body. Under normal …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are worldwide
public health problems, affecting up to 25–30%(NAFLD), and up to 10–15%(CKD) of the …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease that inevitably
progress to end-stage kidney disease. Intervention strategies such as blood glucose control …

This review focuses on the multiple and reciprocal relationships that exist between oxidative
stress, hyperglycemia and diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Human metabolism …

Kidney disease represents a serious global health problem. One of the main concerns is its
late diagnosis, only feasible in a progressed disease state. The lack of a clinical …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are microvascular complications of
diabetes. Microvascular endothelial cells are thought to be the major targets of …

Infection is the second leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Adequate humoral (antibody) and cellular (T cell-driven) immunity are required to minimize …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pervasive signaling molecules in biological systems. In
humans, a lack of ROS causes chronic and extreme bacterial infections, while uncontrolled …

Diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, especially through the increase of type 2
diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy occurs in up to 40% of diabetic patients and is the leading …