This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Peat depositional environments, the sites where and conditions under which peat
accumulates, significantly influence a resultant coal's physical properties, chemical …

Abstract Knowledge of the evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
throughout the Earth's history is important for a reconstruction of the links between climate …

Recent studies have purported to show a closer correspondence between reconstructed
Phanerozoic records of cosmic ray flux and temperature than between CO2 and …

Using three meteorological reanalyses and three outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR)
datasets, we show that the Hadley circulation has a significant expansion of about 2 to 4.5 …

Climate models with increased levels of carbon dioxide predict that global warming causes
heating in the tropics, but investigations of ancient climates based on palaeodata have …

For more than four decades, scientists have been trying to find an answer to one of the most
fundamental questions in paleoclimatology, the “faint young Sun problem.” For the early …

Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity and macroevolutionary dynamics are prominent yet
poorly understood. We derive a model that quantifies the role of kinetic energy in generating …

General circulation models (GCMs) use the laws of physics and an understanding of past
geography to simulate climatic responses. They are objective in character. However, they …

The middle of the Cretaceous period (about 120 to 80 Myr ago) was a time of unusually
warm polar temperatures, repeated reef-drowning in the tropics and a series of oceanic …