Logging operations change the forest environment by creating a heterogeneous canopy
with a range of different microenvironments that differ mostly in light intensity and level of soil …

In order to accommodate foreseen climate change in European forests, the following are
recommended:(i) to increase the number of tree species and the structural diversity;(ii) to …

The use of heavy machinery for timber harvesting causes soil damage, which may restrict
forest soil functions over decades. Numerous studies have demonstrated the negative …

Soil compaction, indirectly indicated by measuring soil penetration resistance, is a
significant problem in forest areas due to the use of mechanized heavy equipment in forestry …

Livestock are a threat to forest regeneration. Moreover, soil quality and fertility is degraded
under their hooves. Livestock grazing in natural forests of the Zagros Mountains, in western …

Using machinery wood extraction in steep slope in the Hyrcanian forests can increase the
soil bulk density and soil compaction, decrease the infiltration water into soil of skid trail …

Soil is the fundamental component of each terrestrial ecosystem, so the consequences of
land management regime on soil health and productivity should be evaluated. To this end …

Skid trails and landings are the portions of harvested forests that are used by forestry
vehicles; skid trails are the network of trails used to transport logs to the landing, a central …

Soil compaction is a widespread problem in forestry due to the use of heavy machinery for
timber harvesting and the lack of attention to soil conditions in harvesting operations …

Heavy forest machinery used in skidding has the capacity to influence the physical
properties of soils. These may possibly lead to an upsurge in soil disruption and compaction …