The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

Wind-up is a frequency-dependent increase in the excitability of spinal cord neurones,
evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent C-fibres. Although it has been studied over the …

The flexion or flexor reflex (FR) recorded in the lower limbs in humans (LLFR) is a widely
investigated neurophysiological tool. It is a polysynaptic and multisegmental spinal …

Loeser - Bonica's Management of Page 1 Bonica's Management of Pain 3rd edition (January
15, 2001): By John D. Loeser (Editor), Steven H. Butler (Editor), C. Richard Chapman (Editor) …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic strength are
ubiquitous mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, but their functional relevance in humans …

More rational treatment of chronic pain depends on increased understanding of the
pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the various symptoms and characteristics of …

Aberrant movement patterns and postures are obvious to clinicians managing patients with
musculoskeletal pain. However, some changes in motor function that occur in the presence …

Sleep of good quantity and quality is considered a biologically important resource necessary
to maintain homeostasis of pain‐regulatory processes. To assess the role of chronic sleep …

Animal studies have suggested that the temporal summation of nociceptive inputs might play
a significant role in the development of central sensitization (ie, hyperexcitability of central …

Following chronic sacral spinal cord transection in rats the affected tail muscles exhibit
marked spasticity, with characteristic long-lasting tail spasms evoked by mild stimulation …