Since their use during the First World War, Blister agents have posed a major threat to the
individuals and have caused around two million casualties. Major incidents occurred not …

Abstract Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) could be a powerful technique for
detecting trace gaseous sulfur-mustard, but it is still challenging due to the difficulty in …

Sulfur mustard (SM) is one kind of highly toxic chemical warfare agent (CWA) and easy to
spread, while existing detection methods cannot fulfil the requirement of rapid response …

Sesquimustard (Q) is a powerful blistering agent that contains additional sulfur atoms. Sulfur
mustard causes covalent bonding by alkylating nucleophilic groups of biologically important …

BACKGROUND: The effects of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)
incidents on human society can be irreparable. Preparing the health system for these …

For centuries, nations, armies and civilians have used toxic chemicals for nefarious
purposes. Although forbidden from use during warfare, chemical weapons have an …

Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) are toxic synthetic chemicals that can have incapacitating
or lethal effects. The 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (1997 CWC) restricted …

Identification of the alleged use of toxic chemicals in chemical weapons is demanding. The
lack of verification methods for analysing nitrogen mustards and chlorine in biomedical and …