Migraine affects more than one billion individuals each year across the world, and is one of
the most common neurologic disorders, with a high prevalence and morbidity, especially …

Migraine is a neurological ailment that is characterized by severe throbbing unilateral
headache and associated with nausea, photophobia, phonophobia and vomiting. A full and …

Migraine is a complex condition in which genetic predisposition interacts with other
biological and environmental factors determining its course. A hyperresponsive brain cortex …

The terminology “gut-brain axis “points out a bidirectional relationship between the GI
system and the central nervous system (CNS). To date, several researches have shown that …

Chronic pain is a substantial personal and societal burden worldwide. Osteoarthritis (OA) is
one of the leading causes of chronic pain and is increasing in prevalence in accordance …

Migraine is characterized by recurrent attacks of disabling headaches, often accompanied
by sensory and motor disturbances. Clinical manifestations of migraine are influenced by …

The mechanisms of migraine pathogenesis are not completely clear, but 31P-nuclear
magnetic resonance studies revealed brain energy deficit in migraineurs. As glycolysis is the …

Migraine is related to brain energy deficiency. Niacin is a required coenzyme in
mitochondrial energy metabolism. However, the relationship between dietary niacin and …

Increasing evidence suggests that migraine may be the result of an impaired brain glucose
metabolism. Several studies have reported brain mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired brain …

Pain is one of the main problems for modern society and medicine, being the most common
symptom described by almost all patients. When pain becomes chronic, the life of the …