Air Space Proportion (ASP) is a measure of how much air is present within a bone, which
allows for a quantifiable comparison of pneumaticity between specimens and species …

Cardiovascular function in dinosaurs can be inferred from fossil evidence with knowledge of
how metabolic rate, blood flow rate, blood pressure, and heart size are related to body size …

One of the diagnostic characters of dicraeosaurid sauropods is a reduction of
pneumatization of dorsal and caudal vertebrae relative to their Flagellicaudata sister taxon …

Owls have the largest head rotation capability amongst vertebrates. Anatomical knowledge
of the cervical region is needed to understand the mechanics of these extreme head …

The elongate-necked aquatic plesiosaurs existed for 135 Myr during the Mesozoic. The
function of this elongate neck is a point of debate. Using computed tomography and three …

Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), with their long neck and legs, are unique amongst
mammals. How these features evolved is a matter of conjecture. The two leading ideas are …

Sauropod dinosaurs achieved extreme body sizes via rapid and sustained growth, permitted
in part by the delayed fusion of the neurocentral sutures. Unfused sutures are joined by …

Historically, sauropods have been largely perceived as having vertical,'S'-curved necks
which were hypothesised to allow them to feed from the canopy of trees. Within the past two …

Mesosaurs are basal amniotes that lived at the beginning of the Permian or close to the
Permo–Carboniferous boundary. Despite the several hundred specimens that have been …

The highly elongated necks, and often tails, of sauropod dinosaurs were composed of
concavo-convex vertebrae that provided stability without compromising mobility. Polarities of …