Fibroblasts and macrophages are present in all tissues, and mounting evidence supports
that these cells engage in direct communication to influence the overall tissue …

Several studies have shown that interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine with both
pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activity, depending on the immune response …

A ubiquitously expressed cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a
significant role in various ongoing cellular mechanisms. The gain or loss-of-function of TGF …

The timely resolution of wound healing is critical for restoring the skin as a protective barrier.
The switch from a proinflammatory to a reparative microenvironment must be tightly …

The IL-17 family is an evolutionarily old cytokine family consisting of six members (IL-17A
through IL-17F). IL-17 family cytokines signal through heterodimeric receptors that include …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an idiopathic systemic autoimmune disease. It is characterized
by a triad of hallmarks: immune dysfunction, fibrosis and vasculopathy. Immune dysfunction …

Tumor progression relies on the interaction between neoplastic epithelial cells and their
surrounding stromal partners. This cell cross‐talk affects stromal development, and …

Despite antigen affinity of B cells varying from cell to cell, functional analyses of antigen-
reactive B cells on individual B cells are missing due to technical difficulties. Especially in …

Stromal cells are a subject of rapidly growing immunological interest based on their ability to
influence virtually all aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Present in every bodily tissue …

IL-17 (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by a sub-set of T helper cells termed
Th17 cells primarily in response to cytokines like TGF-β and IL-23 and play an important role …