Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a type I transmembrane protein, binds to its receptor
PD-1 to suppress the activation of T cells, thereby maintaining immunological homeostasis …

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to hold great potential for
the treatment of several diseases. Their therapeutic effects are largely mediated by …

Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles with diameters from 30 to 150 nm, released upon
fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cell surface. They can transport nucleic acids …

Exosomes are extracellular membranous nanovesicles that mediate local and systemic
intercellular communication by transporting proteins or nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) into …

Exosomes, which are nano-vesicles produced by most cell types, play an irreplaceable role
in cell-cell communication. They are extracellular small vesicles that can delivery various …

Background Recurrence and metastasis are the leading causes of tumour-related death in
patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Tumour-infiltrating natural …

Background Exosomes are emerging as important mediators of the cross-talk between
tumor cells and the microenvironment. The communication between tumor-derived …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate the extracellular transfer of proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids and mediate intercellular communication among multiple cells in the tumour …

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) such as exosomes are nanoscale membranous particles
(< 200 nm) that have emerged as crucial targets for liquid biopsy and as promising drug …

Exosomes are cystic vesicles secreted by living cells with a phospholipid bilayer membrane.
Importantly, these vesicles could serve to carry lipids, proteins, genetic materials, and …