Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are
two retroviruses that attack the immune cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I …

Dual infection with a virus that targets the immune system, such as HTLV-1 (human T-cell
lymphotropic virus class 1), combined with another virus that affects the respiratory system …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-
I) are two retroviruses which infect the same target, CD 4+ T cells. This type of cell is …

In this paper, we investigate a delayed HTLV-I infection model with Beddington-DeAngelis
incidence, CTL immune response and immune impairment. In the model, the intracellular …

In the literature, a great number of HIV and HTLV-I mono-infection models has been
formulated and analyzed. However, the within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has …

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or human T-lymphotropic virus
type I (HTLV-I) or both can lead to mortality. CD4+ T cells are the target for both HTLV-I and …

It is beyond dispute that cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) exert a vital function in the host's
antiviral defense mechanism. With the idea of the above factor and the logistic proliferation …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are
two retroviruses that attack the CD4^+ CD4+ T cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and …

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are
two famous retroviruses that share similarities in their genomic organization, and differ in …

In this paper, we formulate a within‐host dynamics model for HIV/HTLV‐I co‐infection under
the influence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The model incorporates silent HIV‐infected …