Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …

Periodontitis and osteoporosis are prevalent inflammation‐associated skeletal disorders that
pose significant public health challenges to our aging population. Both periodontitis and …

Sarcopenia is an aged-related syndrome that is progressive and can be accelerated by
other concomitant disease states. Sarcopenia, characterized by loss of skeletal muscle …

Haematological malignancies were previously thought to be driven solely by genetic or
epigenetic lesions within haematopoietic cells. However, the niches that maintain and …

The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune
functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory responses. NF-κB induces the …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) acts as a moving organelle with many important cellular
functions. As the ER lacks sufficient nutrients under pathological conditions leading to …

The human body cannot store zinc reserves, so a deficiency can arise relatively quickly, eg,
through an improper diet. Severe zinc deficiency is rare, but mild deficiencies are common …

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that are derived from hematopoietic precursor cells
and require macrophage-colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a predominant life‐threatening cancer, with liver and peritoneal
metastases as the primary causes of death. Intestinal inflammation, a known CRC risk factor …