Nowadays, the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in soil and water streams is considered a
serious environmental problem that causes various harmful effects on plants and animals …

Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium,
lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural …

Potassium (K) is an essential element for the growth and development of plants; however, its
scarcity or excessive level leads to distortion of numerous functions in plants. It takes part in …

Heavy metal (HM) toxicity has become a global concern in recent years and is imposing a
severe threat to the environment and human health. In the case of plants, a higher …

Cadmium accumulation in crops and the possibility of Cd entering the food chain are serious
concerns for public health. This review discusses the deleterious effects of Cd in plants and …

New eco-friendly approaches are required to improve plant biomass production. Beneficial
plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria may be exploited as excellent and efficient …

Abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, salinity, low temperature, and heavy metals, inhibit
plant growth and reduce crop productivity. Abiotic stresses are becoming increasingly …

Cadmium (Cd) is a major environmental contaminant due to its widespread industrial use.
Cd contamination of soil and water is rather classical but has emerged as a recent problem …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) originate as a natural byproduct in standard metabolism of
oxygen activities. The principal sites of ROS generation in the cell are apoplast …

Highlights•Coal gangue has been applied in building material, energy, agriculture and other
industries.•Negative environmental problems cannot be ignored in the utilization of coal …