Natural bone constitutes a complex and organized structure of organic and inorganic
components with limited ability to regenerate and restore injured tissues, especially in large …

Limitations associated with conventional bone substitutes such as autografts, increasing
demand for bone grafts, and growing elderly population worldwide necessitate development …

Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the
late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to …

The musculoskeletal system plays a critical role in providing the physical scaffold and
movement to the mammalian body. Musculoskeletal disorders severely affect mobility and …

Conjugated polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, and polythiophene have developed
as capable candidates for scaffold fabrication due to their electrical conductivity, tunable …

Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a capable approach for the
fabrication of bone tissue scaffolds. Nevertheless, a purely made scaffold such as polylactic …

Employing 3D printing bone scaffolds with various polymers is growing due to their
biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties. However, their …

The use of tissue engineering to restore and to build new bone tissue is under active
research at present. The following review summarizes the latest studies and clinical trials …

Regeneration is a complex process affected by many elements independent or combined,
including inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Stem cells is a class of primitive …

The development of biomaterials has a substantial role in pharmaceutical and medical
strategies for the enhancement of life quality. This review work focused on versatile …