In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of B cells, I take a look back at the
history of T cell help to B cells, which was discovered 47 years ago. In addition, I summarize …

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are essential for high-affinity antibody production and for the
development of B cell memory. Historically, FDCs have been characterized as' …

Antibodies somatically mutate to attain high affinity in germinal centers (GCs). There,
competition between B cell clones and among somatic mutants of each clone drives an …

The generation of HIV bnAbs may be one of the greatest feats of the human immune system
and our best hope of finally creating an HIV vaccine. The striking amount of somatic …

Several vaccines are approved in the United States for seasonal influenza vaccination every
year. Here we compare the impact of repeat influenza vaccination on hemagglutination …

The antibody response plays a key role in protection against viral infections. While antiviral
antibodies may reduce the viral burden via several mechanisms, the ability to directly inhibit …

The AID/APOBEC family enzymes convert cytosines in single-stranded DNA to uracils,
causing base substitutions and strand breaks. They are induced by cytokines produced …

Germinal center (GC) B cells cycle between two states, the light zone (LZ) and the dark zone
(DZ), and in the latter they proliferate and hypermutate their immunoglobulin genes. How …

Germinal center T follicular helper cells (GCTfh) in lymphatic tissue are critical for B cell
differentiation and protective antibody induction, but whether GCTfh establish clonal …

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was the result of the rapid
transmission of a highly pathogenic coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome …