The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

The primary objective of preclinical pain research is to improve the treatment of pain.
Decades of research using pain-evoked tests has revealed much about mechanisms but …

Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of
working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents …

The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of
intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has …

Facial expressions of pain have been identified in several animal species. The aim of this
systematic review was to provide evidence on the measurement properties of grimace …

Simple Summary The ability to identify and assess pain is paramount in animal research to
address the 'refinement'principle of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement), satisfy …

Simple Summary It is crucial that research primates receive adequate pain treatment from
ethical, animal welfare, and research-related perspectives. There is limited research on …

Although pre-clinical models of pain are useful for defining relationships between biological
mechanisms and pain, common methods testing peripheral sensitivity do not translate to the …

Pain is a clinical syndrome arising from a variety of etiologies in a heterogeneous
population, which makes successfully treating the individual patient difficult. Organizations …

Several studies have suggested an informative value of behavioral and grimace scale
parameters for the detection of pain. However, the robustness and reliability of the …