Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex
differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones …

We provide an in-depth review of the role of androgens in male maturation and
development, from the fetal stage through adolescence into emerging adulthood, and …

Objective The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize available data on
testosterone levels in normal, healthy adult males and females, to provide a physiologic …

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a group of clinical conditions with variable
presentation and genetic background. Females with or without development of secondary …

Androgens are an important class of C19 steroid hormones that control normal male
development and reproductive function. The main circulating androgen is testosterone …

Elite individual sports in which success depends on power, speed or endurance are
conventionally divided into male and female events using traditional binary definitions of …

The 5α-reductase type 2 enzyme catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into
dihydrotestosterone, playing a crucial role in male development. This enzyme is encoded by …

Background Patients with steroid 5α‐reductase 2 deficiency (5α‐RD) caused by SRD5A2
(OMIM# 607306) variants present variable genotypes and phenotypes. The genotype …

Background Studies regarding genetic and clinical characteristics, gender preference, and
gonadal malignancy rates for steroid 5-alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency (5α-RD2) are …

Background The 5α-reductase type 2 (5α-RD2) deficiency caused by mutations in the
steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) gene results in variable degrees of undervirilisation in …