Originally a genetic model organism, the experimental use of Drosophila melanogaster has
grown to include quantitative behavioral analyses, sophisticated perturbations of neuronal …

Many arthropods and vertebrates use celestial signals such as the position of the sun during
the day or stars at night as compass cues for spatial orientation. The neural network …

Connections between neurons can be mapped by acquiring and analyzing electron
microscopic (EM) brain images. In recent years, this approach has been applied to chunks of …

Drosophila's dorsal clock neurons (DNs) consist of four clusters (DN 1a s, DN 1p s, DN 2 s,
and DN 3 s) that largely differ in size. While the DN 1a s and the DN 2 s encompass only two …

Connectomics has become a standard neuroscience methodology in a few model animals,
1 with the visual system being a popular target of study. 2–5 Combining connectomics with …

Color and motion are used by many species to identify salient objects. They are processed
largely independently, but color contributes to motion processing in humans, for example …

In the perception of color, wavelengths of light reflected off objects are transformed into the
derived quantities of brightness, saturation and hue. Neurons responding selectively to hue …

Visual systems are homogeneous structures, where repeating columnar units retinotopically
cover the visual field. Each of these columns contain many of the same neuron types that are …

Vision enables both image-forming perception, driven by a contrast-based pathway, and
unconscious non-image-forming circadian photoentrainment, driven by an irradiance-based …

For most model organisms in neuroscience, research into visual processing in the brain is
difficult because of a lack of high-resolution maps that capture complex neuronal circuitry …