Urbanization is leading to biodiversity loss through habitat homogenization. The smooth,
featureless surfaces of many marine urban structures support ecological communities, often …

In the marine environment, greening of grey infrastructure (GGI) is a rapidly growing field
that attempts to encourage native marine life to colonise marine artificial structures to …

Artificial structures such as seawalls increasingly dominate marine urban environments. As
compared to natural rocky shore habitats, seawalls are usually flat, featureless, vertical …

Worldwide, natural habitats are being replaced by artificial structures due to urbanisation.
Planning of such modifications should strive for environmental net gain that benefits …

Marine artificial structures often support lower native species diversity and more non-
indigenous species (NIS), but adding complex habitat and using bioreceptive materials have …

Habitat complexity is widely considered an important determinant of biodiversity, and
enhancing complexity can play a key role in restoring degraded habitats. However, the …

Increasing human population, urbanisation, and climate change have resulted in the
proliferation of hard coastal infrastructure such as seawalls and breakwaters. There is …

The expected increase in global food demand, as a consequence of a rising and wealthier
world population, and an awareness of the limits and drawbacks of modern agriculture, has …

Ecosystems globally are becoming increasingly degraded necessitating conservation and
repair. Alongside restoration of natural habitats, eco-engineering can mitigate the negative …

Concrete infrastructure in coastal waters is increasing. While adding complex habitat and
manipulating concrete mixtures to enhance biodiversity have been studied, field …