▪ Abstract Social constructivist perspectives focus on the interdependence of social and
individual processes in the co-construction of knowledge. After the impetus for …

Current curriculum initiatives in mathematics call for the development of classroom
communities that take communication about mathematics as a central focus. In these …

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is defined as an overarching concept that
integrates the main tenets of Vygotsky's theory of human development. The …

First Published in 1995. In the past decade or two, the most important theoretical perspective
to emerge in mathematics education has been that of constructivism. This burst onto the …

Teachers who attempt to use inquiry-based, student-centered instructional tasks face
challenges that go beyond identifying well-designed tasks and setting them up appropriately …

Sociocultural approaches emphasize the interdependence of social and individual
processes in the coconstruction of knowledge. This article uses three central tenets of a …

Constructivist theory has been prominent in recent research on mathematics learning and
has provided a basis for recent mathematics education reform efforts. Although …

In this article, we describe the design principles undergirding productive failure (PF; M.). We
then report findings from an ongoing program of research on PF in mathematical problem …

Currently, considerable debate focuses on whether mind is located in the head or in the
individual-in-social-action, and whether development is cognitive self-organization or …

Beliefs and practices related to mathematics were assessed for 21 fourth-through sixth-
grade teachers. At the beginning and the end of the school year teachers' beliefs about (1) …