Traditionally, multiple sclerosis has been categorised by distinct clinical descriptors—
relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive—for patient care …

Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …

Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central
nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve …

In the majority of patients multiple sclerosis starts with a relapsing remitting course (RRMS),
which may at later times transform into secondary progressive disease (SPMS). In a minority …

B cells represent a relatively minor cell population within both the healthy and diseased
central nervous system (CNS), yet they can have profound effects. This is emphasized in …

Multiple sclerosis is a highly heterogeneous disease, and the detection of neuroaxonal
damage as well as its quantification is a critical step for patients. Blood-based serum …

Despite the development of highly effective treatments for relapsing–remitting multiple
sclerosis (MS), limited progress has been made in addressing primary progressive or …

The success of clinical trials of selective B‐cell depletion in patients with relapsing multiple
sclerosis (MS) and primary progressive MS has led to a conceptual shift in the …

Upon antigenic stimulation, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into different subsets and
secrete various cytokines to exert biological effects. Th22 cells, a newly identified CD4+ T …

Introduction SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in December 2019 in the Chinese city of Wuhan
and has since spread across the world. At present, the virus has infected over 1.7 million …