Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system that can be triggered by a
variety of factors, including pathogens, damaged cells and toxic compounds. These factors …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of acute respiratory failure
caused by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Despite five decades of basic and clinical …

Most SARS-CoV2 infections will not develop into severe COVID-19. However, in some
patients, lung infection leads to the activation of alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial …

COVID-19, disease caused by the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, appeared in the end of
2019 and was rapidly spread in most countries. This respiratory virus has different symptoms …

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of acute respiratory
failure that is often associated with multiple organ failure. Several clinical disorders can …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated
with abnormal inflammatory immune responses of the lung to noxious particles and gases …

As the primary barrier between an organism and its environment, epithelial cells are well-
positioned to regulate tolerance while preserving immunity against pathogens. Class II …

Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation and
hyperresponsiveness. The mechanisms associated with the development and progression …

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a common, devastating clinical syndrome of
acute lung injury that affects both medical and surgical patients. Since the last review of this …

Lung epithelial cells are increasingly recognized to be active effectors of microbial defense,
contributing to both innate and adaptive immune function in the lower respiratory tract. As …