Events associated with aversive or rewarding outcomes are prioritized in memory. This
memory boost is commonly attributed to the elicited affective response, closely linked to …

We review the current state of knowledge on the computational and neural mechanisms of
reinforcement-learning with a particular focus on fronto-striatal circuits. We divide the …

The anatomy of the brain necessarily constrains its function, but precisely how remains
unclear. The classical and dominant paradigm in neuroscience is that neuronal dynamics …

Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

Dopamine (DA) plays multiple roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological
processes via a large network of dopaminergic projections. To dissect the spatiotemporal …

Dopamine neurons are characterized by their response to unexpected rewards, but they
also fire during movement and aversive stimuli. Dopamine neuron diversity has been …

Striatal dopamine encodes reward, with recent work showing that dopamine release occurs
in spatiotemporal waves. However, the mechanism of dopamine waves is unknown. Here …

Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA DA) respond to food and social
stimuli and contribute to both forms of motivation. However, it is unclear whether the same or …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons are often thought to uniformly encode
reward prediction errors. Conversely, DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the …

The neuromodulator dopamine (DA) is essential for regulating learning, motivation, and
movement. Despite its importance, however, the mechanisms by which DA influences the …