Huntington's disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease described 150 years ago
by George Huntington. The genetic defect was identified in 1993 to be an expanded CAG …

Drug addiction is a chronic and relapsing brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug
seeking and continued drug use despite adverse consequences. The high prevalence and …

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of midbrain
dopamine neurons, which results in numerous adaptations in basal ganglia circuits …

Striatal dopamine governs a wide range of behavioral functions, yet local dopamine
concentrations can be dissociated from somatic activity. Here, we discuss how dopamine's …

The greater prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in men suggest a
beneficial effect of sex hormones. Neuroactive steroids have neuroprotective activities thus …

Striatal adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) activation can inhibit dopamine release. A1Rs on other
striatal neurons are activated by an adenosine tone that is limited by equilibrative …

The Freudian theory of conversion suggested that the major symptoms of functional
neurological disorders (FNDs) are due to internal conflicts at motivation, especially at the …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe metabolic syndrome linked with acute/chronic
hepatic disorders. HE is also a pernicious neuropsychiatric complication associated with …

Exposures to ambient ultrafine particle (UFP) air pollution (AP) during the early postnatal
period in mice (equivalent to human third trimester brain development) produce male-biased …

Striatal dopamine axons co-release dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), using
GABA provided by uptake via GABA transporter-1 (GAT1). Functions of GABA co-release are …