Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which
affects over 90% of the diabetic patients. Although pain is one of the main symptoms of …

It has long been appreciated that the experience of pain is highly variable between
individuals. Pain results from activation of sensory receptors specialized to detect actual or …

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the location of the first synapse in pain pathways, and
as such, offers a very powerful target for regulation of nociceptive transmission by both local …

Agonists for the μ-opioid receptor are powerful analgesics and are highly addictive;
however, the contribution of the δ-and κ-opioid and opioid receptor-like receptors to …

Chronic pain, whether the result of nerve trauma or persistent inflammation, is a debilitating
condition that exerts a high social cost in terms of productivity, economic impact and quality …

Pain perception can be powerfully influenced by an individual's expectations and beliefs.
Although the cortical circuitry responsible for pain modulation has been thoroughly …

The identification of opioid systems led to much of the early work on pain pharmacology
being based on understanding inhibitory mechanisms of analgesia. However, hyperalgesia …

Tissue injury is associated with sensitization of nociceptors and subsequent changes in the
excitability of central (spinal) neurons, termed central sensitization. Nociceptor sensitization …

A rat population with variable responses to nerve injury indicated that activation of
descending inhibition with a spinal noradrenergic component prevents development of …

Many clinical case reports have suggested that sustained opioid exposure can elicit
unexpected, paradoxical pain. Here, we explore the possibility that (1) opioid-induced pain …