Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol, and plays crucial roles in the
antioxidant defense system and the maintenance of redox homeostasis in neurons. GSH …

Increasing numbers of individuals suffer from neurodegenerative diseases, which are
characterized by progressive loss of neurons. Oxidative stress, in particular, the …

Parkinson's disease, the most common age-related movement disorder, is a progressive
neurodegenerative disease with unclear etiology. Key neuropathological hallmarks are …

Microglia, being the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play an important
role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and contributes towards brain development under …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging.
Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise with …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a profound loss of dopaminergic neurons in
the substantia nigra, accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by living cells as normal cellular metabolic
byproduct. Under excessive stress conditions, cells will produce numerous ROS, and the …

It is generally thought that under basal conditions, neurons produce ATP mainly through
mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and glycolytic activity only …

The genetic landscape of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by rare high penetrance
pathogenic variants causing familial disease, genetic risk factor variants driving PD risk in a …

There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen
and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and …