In the last decade, the concept of animal stress has been stressed thin to accommodate the
effects of short-term changes in cell and tissue physiology, major behavioral syndromes in …

Simple Summary Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones that recently have gained even
more attention in the eyes of scientists. There is an ongoing discussion in the scientific …

The innate immune response involves a concerted network of induced gene products,
preformed immune effectors, biochemical signalling cascades and specialised cells …

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere human and animal endocrine glands
and organs, and thus hazardous effects of the EDCs result in a great environmental …

Accurately predicting the impacts of climate change on wildlife health requires a deeper
understanding of seasonal rhythms in host–pathogen interactions. The amphibian …

In vertebrates, in addition to their classically reproductive functions, steroids regulate the
immune system. This action is possible mainly due to the presence of steroid receptors in …

Fish immune systems have become the subject of several studies due to the growing
development of aquaculture and fisheries, and the demand for healthy produce for human …

Aquatic fishes face osmotic stress continuously, and the gill is the first tissue that senses and
responds to the external osmotic challenges. However, the understandings of how the gill …

When access to resources is limited, organisms must shift energy investment among
physiological processes to survive, reproduce, and respond to unpredictable events. The …

Elevated levels of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones and xenoestrogens (PSHXEs) in the
aquatic environment pose a serious threat to the ecological balance. The endocrine …