Recurrent pregnancy loss is a distressing pregnancy disorder experienced by~ 2.5% of
women trying to conceive. Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as the failure of two or more …

Women who have had repeated miscarriages often have uncertainties about the cause, the
likelihood of recurrence, the investigations they need, and the treatments that might help …

Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is commonly defined as the presence of thyroperoxidase
antibodies (TPOAbs) and/or thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), which predisposes an …

This text has been written as a practical guide, based on the author's experience over the
last 40 years of daily clinical practice and aiming to place the modern approach to the …

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is diagnosed when serum thyroid stimulation hormone
(thyrotropin; TSH) levels are above the reference range, accompanied by levels of free …

Background: Studies have shown that thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is associated with
increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the …

Background Women positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) have a higher risk
of recurrent pregnancy loss. Evidence on whether levothyroxine treatment improves …

There is a rising incidence of infertility worldwide, and many couples experience difficulties
conceiving nowadays. Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is recognized as one of the major female …

The management of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a challenging clinical scenario with
associated psychological trauma. It can be frustrating for both patients and clinicians. It is …

Background Hypothyroidism affects 3–5% of all pregnant mothers, making it the most
common thyroid disorder associated with pregnancy. Furthermore, it is associated with …