Why do fathers matter? Recent conceptual and theoretical advances regarding father–child
relationships have demonstrated that fathers affect children's outcomes both directly and …

This article synthesizes knowledge on the role of relationships and key macro and micro-
contexts—poverty, racism, families, communities, schools, and peers—in supporting and/or …

The term “toxic stress” refers to a wide array of biological changes that occur at the
molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels when there is prolonged or significant adversity in …

New advances in neurobiology are revealing that brain development and the learning it
enables are directly dependent on social-emotional experience. Growing bodies of research …

This article synthesizes foundational knowledge from multiple scientific disciplines regarding
how humans develop in context. Major constructs that define human development are …

Attachment bonds are a defining feature of mammals. A conceptual framework on human
attachments is presented, integrating insights from animal research with neuroimaging …

Parent-child synchrony, the coupling of behavioral and biological signals during social
contact, may fine-tune the child's brain circuitries associated with emotional bond formation …

We review some of the growing evidence of the costs of poverty to children's
neuroendocrine function, early brain development, and cognitive ability. We underscore the …

It has long been assumed that social animals, such as humans, are born with a brain system
that has evolved to support social affiliation. However, the evidence does not necessarily …

Profound environmental, hormonal, and neurobiological changes mark the transition to
motherhood as a major biosocial life event. Despite the ubiquity of motherhood, the …