The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages, in health and in disease, has become
increasingly transparent over the last decade. But with the plethora of data comes a natural …

Inflammation plays an important role in the response to danger signals arising from damage
to our body and in restoring homeostasis. Dysregulated inflammatory responses occur in …

Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death driven by excessive lipid peroxidation.
Inflammation is one common and effective physiological event that protects against various …

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

Pyroptosis refers to the process of gasdermin-mediated lytic programmed cell death (PCD)
characterized by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our knowledge of pyroptosis has …

Interventional coronary reperfusion strategies are widely adopted to treat acute myocardial
infarction, but morbidity and mortality of acute myocardial infarction are still high …

Macrophages are influential members of the innate immune system that can be reversibly
polarized by different microenvironment signals. Cell polarization leads to a wide range of …

Unresolved inflammation is a key mediator of advanced heart failure. Especially, damage,
pathogen, and lifestyle-associated molecular patterns are the major factors in initiating …