Virus-like particles (VLPs) are virus-derived structures made up of one or more different
molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most cell types as part of an intracellular
communication system in crucial processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and …

Tremendous innovation is underway among a rapidly expanding repertoire of promising
personalized immune-based treatments. Therapeutic cancer vaccines (TCVs) are attractive …

Redirecting T cells to attack cancer using engineered chimeric receptors provides powerful
new therapeutic capabilities. However, the effectiveness of therapeutic T cells is constrained …

Biomedical engineering seeks to enhance the quality of life by developing advanced
materials and technologies. Chitosan-based biomaterials have attracted significant attention …

More than many other fields in medicine, cancer vaccine development has been plagued by
a wide gap between the massive amounts of highly encouraging preclinical data on one …

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) have gained attention as a promising new cancer
vaccine platform for efficiently provoking immune responses. However, OMV induce severe …

Saponin adjuvants have been extensively studied for their use in veterinary and human
vaccines. Among them, QS-21 stands out owing to its unique profile of immunostimulating …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) usually aggravates tumor hypoxia, which promotes the survival
and metastasis of residue cancer cells; furthermore, although PDT‐induced immunogenic …

Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the
development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and …