Background Financial risk protection (FRP), defined as households' access to needed
healthcare services without experiencing undue financial hardship, is a critical health …

Background: Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) represents a key indicator for excessive
financial burden due to out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare costs, which could push the …

Background Poverty vulnerability has been defined as the likelihood of a family falling into
poverty in the upcoming months. Inequality is a major cause of poverty vulnerability in …

Rapid aging in China is increasing the number of older people who tend to require health
services for their poor perceived health. Drawing on the China Health and Retirement …

Background An increase in healthcare utilization in response to universal health coverage
may leave massive economic burden on individuals and households. Identifying …

In low-and middle-income countries, social health insurance schemes are the main focus of
efforts to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) by promoting access to health care and …

Purpose The Chinese government has carried out two major cycles of reform to improve the
health system and reduce the disease burden on residents. This study aims to …

Abstract Since 2018, 96.8% of China's population has received universal health coverage;
however, changes in the general population's level and distribution of catastrophic health …

Abstract Background In the Chinese population, the middle-aged and older adults are the
two main segments that utilize a large portion of healthcare. With the fast growth of the two …

Abstract Background The Chinese government launched the Essential Public Health
Service (EPHS) program nationwide in 2009. However, prior studies have not provided clear …