Compelling evidence exists that non-haematopoietic stem cells, including mesenchymal
(MSCs) and neural/progenitor stem cells (NPCs), exert a substantial beneficial and …

KIR genes have evolved in primates to generate a diverse family of receptors with unique
structures that enable them to recognize MHC-class I molecules with locus and allele …

Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are
the subject of intense investigation in regenerative medicine. In addition, MSCs possess …

Abstract Type 1 T regulatory (Tr1) cells suppress immune responses in vivo and in vitro and
play a key role in maintaining tolerance to self-and non–self-antigens. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) …

Alternative splicing is one of the most important mechanisms to generate a large number of
mRNA and protein isoforms from the surprisingly low number of human genes. Unlike …

Summary Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that involves immune-
mediated destruction of β cells. How β cells respond to immune attack is unknown. We …

Multiple mechanisms underlie the surprising willingness of mothers to tolerate genetically
different fetal tissues during pregnancy. Chief among these is the choice of HLA‐G, a gene …

Unlike their protein “roommates” and their nucleic acid “cousins," carbohydrates remain an
enigmatic arm of biology. The central reason for the difficulty in fully understanding how …

Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a nonclassic major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) class I molecule that functions as an immunomodulatory molecule capable of …

KIR2DL4 is an unusual killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family member in terms
of its structure, expression, cellular localization, and signaling properties. The most …