Immune memory is a defining feature of the acquired immune system, but activation of the
innate immune system can also result in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent triggers …

Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity
and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the …

Abstract Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination can confer nonspecific protection
against heterologous pathogens. However, the underlying mechanisms remain mysterious …

The existing vaccine paradigm assumes that vaccines only protect against the target
infection, that effective vaccines reduce mortality corresponding to the target infection's …

Infections in the first year of life are common and often severe. The newborn host
demonstrates both quantitative and qualitative differences to the adult in nearly all aspects of …

Live attenuated vaccines could have beneficial, non-specific effects of protecting against
vaccine-unrelated infections, such as BCG protecting against respiratory infection. During …

Background BCG vaccine may reduce overall mortality by increasing resistance to
nontuberculosis infections. In 2 randomized trials in Guinea-Bissau of early BCG-Denmark …

Besides protection against specific microorganisms, vaccines can induce heterologous or
non-specific effects (NSE). Epidemiological data suggest that vaccination with live …

Since the vast majority of species solely rely on innate immunity for host defense, it stands to
reason that a critical evolutionary trait like immunological memory evolved in this primitive …

The principle of trained immunity represents innate immune memory due to sustained,
mainly epigenetic, changes triggered by endogenous or exogenous stimuli in bone marrow …