The belief that participation in sport and physical activity assists the integration of culturally
and linguistically diverse (CALD) migrants is prominent within sport policy and …

Research on race and ethnicity in leisure will take on greater significance in coming years.
The purpose of this study was to systematically examine research related to race and …

This article assesses the status of hierarchical leisure constraints theory (Crawford &
Godbey, 1987; Crawford, Jackson, & Godbey, 1991) regarding many issues. Such issues …

The study of constraints to participation in leisure activities has been a growing theme of
research during the past three decades. More recently, this research has been extended to …

This study aimed to investigate the influence of constraint dimensions on intrinsic motivation,
extrinsic motivation and amotivation. The self-determination theory and the hierarchical …

The origins of research on leisure constraints can be traced back for at least a century, but it
is only in the last two to three decades that social scientists in North America have …

This study examines travel motivations and constraints of rural migrant workers in China as
a socially disadvantaged group. Through 20 in-depth interviews, the study identified 21 …

A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective was adopted to investigate outdoor recreation
constraints for 3,000 Texans interviewed by telephone in 1998. This theoretical perspective …

This paper examined how gender and ethnicity are related to preferences for various park
characteristics, visitation to urban parks and open spaces, and perception of park benefits as …

This study addresses the continuing relevance of race as a persistent societal issue in the
US, and tackles criticism (;;) regarding the lack of models to guide research that links race …