Insulin resistance, defined as a defect in insulin-mediated control of glucose metabolism in
tissues—prominently in muscle, fat and liver—is one of the earliest manifestations of a …

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common finding on spine imaging that increases
in prevalence with age. IVD degeneration is a frequent cause of low back pain, which is a …

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused
by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and …

The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due
to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point …

The molecular mechanisms of cellular insulin action have been the focus of much
investigation since the discovery of the hormone 100 years ago. Insulin action is impaired in …

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most frequent metabolic disorders, but their causes
remain largely unclear. Insulin resistance, the common underlying abnormality, results from …

Compromised carbohydrate metabolism leading to hyperglycemia is the primary metabolic
disorder of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Reformed digestion and altered …

Obesity is a critical risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and its
prevalence is rising worldwide. White adipose tissue (WAT) has a crucial role in regulating …

As the principal tissue for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, skeletal muscle is a primary
driver of whole-body glycemic control. Skeletal muscle also uniquely responds to muscle …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …