Inflammatory and apoptotic caspases are central players in inflammation and apoptosis,
respectively. However, recent studies have revealed that these caspases have functions …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition
receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN)-conserved motifs in cytosol and …

Celiac disease (CD) is an intolerance to dietary proteins of wheat, barley, and rye. CD may
have substantial morbidity, yet it is quite common with a prevalence of 1%–2% in Western …

The extent of the devastation of the Black Death pandemic (1346–1353) on European
populations is known from documentary sources and its bacterial source illuminated by …

Abstract The activation of Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) triggers
intracellular signalling pathways that lead to effector mechanisms in innate immunity and …

The innate immune system represents the first line of defence against infectious agents, and
co-ordinates cellular and molecular mechanisms that result in effective inflammatory and …

NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 are members of Nod-like receptor family. They are
located in cytosol, bind bacterial and viral ligands and play a key role in realization of innate …

Background Apoptosis is thought to play a role in host defenses against intracellular
pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), by preventing the release of …

Apoptosis is physiological cell death required for the cellular maintenance of homeostasis,
and caspases play a major role in the execution of this process. Numerous disorders occur …

The extent of the devastation of the Black Death pandemic (1346-53) on European
populations is known from documentary sources and its bacterial source illuminated by …