Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When
the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is …

Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional
communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized
microenvironment of the neural tissue. It separates the peripheral circulatory system from the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by
progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Understanding the pathophysiology …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a frequent and disabling neurodegenerative disorder, in which
astrocytes participate in several pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation …

Delivering genes to and across the brain vasculature efficiently and specifically across
species remains a critical challenge for addressing neurological diseases. We have evolved …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide.
Histopathologically, AD presents with two hallmarks: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and …

Limited drug delivery to the brain is one of the major reasons for high failure rates of central
nervous system (CNS) drug candidates. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) with its tight …

Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a wide spectrum of pathologies characterized by
progressive loss of neuronal functions and structures. Despite having different genetic …

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a conceptual framework that has been proposed to better
explain the relationships between the neural cells and blood vessels in the human brain …