Abstract Background Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are well-established mediators of
tumor growth, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. In several …

Vascular endothelial cells can demonstrate considerable plasticity to generate other cell
types during embryonic development and disease progression. This process occurs through …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive antitumor treatment that uses the
combination of a photosensitizer, tissue oxygen, and visible light irradiation to produce …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a critical regulator of angiogenesis. Inhibiting
the VEGF–VEGF receptor (R) signal transduction pathway in glioblastoma has recently been …

The tumor stroma is comprised of extracellular matrix, non-malignant cells, and the signaling
molecules they produce. It is an integral and vital component of primary tumors that together …

Hypoxia arises frequently in solid tumors and is a poor prognostic factor as it promotes tumor
cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, therapy resistance, and metastasis. Notably, there …

Cancer cells evolve in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by the acquisition of
characteristics that allow them to initiate their passage through a series of events that …

Cancer cell-derived exosomes have been actively released into the tumor microenvironment
with pleiotropic roles in tumor growth and metastasis, including angiogenesis and immune …

Simple Summary Hypoxia is defined as the inadequate supply of oxygen in tissues. Regions
of acute and chronic hypoxia are a universal feature of the tumor microenvironment and a …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell transformation have been well-
documented in multiple cancer cell models and are believed to be one of the earliest events …