Simple Summary The deregulation of the oxidative metabolism in cancer cells,
characterized by an increased ratio between glycolysis and oxygen consumption (Warburgv …

One of the challenges in cancer chemotherapy is the low target to non-target ratio of
therapeutic agents which incur severe adverse effect on the healthy tissues. In this regard …

Recent findings suggest that the cellular and extracellular materials surrounding the
cancerous cells from an atypical tumor microenvironment (TM) play a pivotal role in the …

Hypoxia is a salient feature observed in most solid malignancies that holds a pivotal role in
angiogenesis, metastasis and resistance to conventional cancer therapeutic approaches …

RAS proteins are essential components of signalling pathways that emanate from cell
surface receptors. Oncogenic activation of these proteins owing to missense mutations is …

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), a group of ubiquitously expressed metalloenzymes, are
involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, tumor invasion and
metastasis. TME is composed of stroma, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, smooth …

Abnormally activated RAS proteins are the main oncogenic driver that governs the
functioning of major signaling pathways involved in the initiation and development of human …

Galectins belong to a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with an affinity for β-
galactosides. Galectin-1 is differentially expressed by various normal and pathologic tissues …

The genes of cellular cooperation that evolved with multicellularity about a billion years ago
are the same genes that malfunction to cause cancer. We hypothesize that cancer is an …