Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe, monogenetic, neuromuscular disease. A
thorough understanding of its genetic cause and the availability of robust models has led to …

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising regenerative therapeutics that primarily
exert their effects through secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). These EVs–being small and …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) ranks as the twelfth leading cause of death worldwide with
limited treatment options. The development of in vitro models replicating defined segments …

Microphysiological systems (MPSs), also known as organ chips, are micro‐units that
integrate cells with diverse physical and biochemical environmental cues. In the field of liver …

The liver and kidney are the major detoxifying organs in the human body and play an
important role in pharmacokinetics. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity can …

Tumor tissue is densely packed with cancer cells, non‐cancerous cells, and ECM, forming
functional structures. Cancer cells transfer extracellular vesicles (EVs) to modify surrounding …

From their humble discovery as cellular debris to cementing their natural capacity to transfer
functional molecules between cells, the long-winded journey of extracellular vesicles (EVs) …

Nanosized drug formulations are broadly explored for the improvement of cancer therapy.
Prediction of in vivo nanoparticle (NP) behavior, however, is challenging, given the …

Organs-on-a-chip (OoC) is a microengineered three-dimensional cell culture system
developed for decades. Utilizing microfluidic technology, OoC cultivates cells on perfusable …

The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. It has a complex structure and
function and plays a vital role in drug metabolism. In recent decades, extensive research has …