Background: The heart grows in response to pathological and physiological stimuli. The
former often precedes cardiomyocyte loss and heart failure; the latter paradoxically protects …

The heart must continuously pump blood to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients. To
maintain the high energy consumption required by this role, the heart is equipped with …

Cardiac remodeling involves molecular, cellular, and in-terstitial changes that manifest
clinically as changes in size, shape, and function of the heart after injury or stress …

The cardiac benefits of exercise have been recognized for centuries. Studies have
undisputedly shown that regular exercise is beneficial for the cardiovascular system in …

Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of cardiovascular (CV) disease and all-cause
mortality, with increases in cardiorespiratory fitness associated with corresponding …

IGF-I is expressed in virtually every tissue of the body, but with much higher expression in
the liver than in any other tissue. Studies using mice with liver-specific IGF-I knockout have …

Background—NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) has been implicated in cardiac remodeling, but its
precise role in cardiac injury remains controversial. Furthermore, little is known about the …

Exercise training fosters the health and performance of the cardiovascular system, and
represents nowadays a powerful tool for cardiovascular therapy. Exercise exerts its …

Abstract Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of major morbidity
and CVD-and all-cause mortality in most of the world. It is now clear that regular physical …

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling regulates contractility, metabolism, hypertrophy,
autophagy, senescence, and apoptosis in the heart. IGF-1 deficiency is associated with an …